Bruce Dean Willis

is Professor of Spanish and Comparative Literature at The University of Tulsa. His research and publications focus on diverse aspects of poetry and performance, and expressions of Indigenous and African cultures, in Latin American literature, particularly Brazil, Chile, and Mexico.

TIME FOR CHOCOLATE is available for purchase through One Act Play Depot! A brief description:

An intoxicating evening of music, poetry, and chocolate... in pre-conquest Mexico!
Based on a fifteenth-century dialogue among nobles schooled in rhetoric and philosophy, the play pits father against son in a war of words over the power and beauty of artistic expression.
Showing posts with label deities. Show all posts
Showing posts with label deities. Show all posts

Monday, October 17, 2016

Kitchen Cosmos

The following post was published last month as my contribution to the blog for the Oklahoma Center for the Humanities, where I am a fellow this year for the seminar on food.
Pots and pans, mortars and pestles, pitchers, whisks, knives: the implements for processing, cooking, and storing food represent some of the most elemental and yet creative of human inventions. Because of their familiarity through daily use, these utensils sometimes even become characters in legends, or the focus of certain traditions, of the kind my students and I examine and analyze in the Latin American Cultures course.
In Popol Vuh, the cosmology of the Quiché Maya, cooking tools famously rebel against their masters. The creation story relates that the gods needed three tries to create humankind. In the first attempt, the mud-sculpted proto-humans fell apart. In the second attempt, the mannequin-like figures made of wood could walk and talk, but they had neither heart nor mind, and could not recognize kindness and respect. They were punished by the gods, by their own dogs and turkeys (animals that were eaten), and even by their cooking utensils:
Then the grinding stones said this to them: “We were ground upon by you. Every day, every day, in the evening and at dawn, always you did holi, holi, huki, huki on our faces. This was our service for you who were the first people. But this day you shall feel our strength. We shall grind you like maize. We shall grind up your flesh,” said their grinding stones to them.
Then spoke also their griddles and their pots to them: “Pain you have caused us. Our mouths and our faces are sooty. You were forever throwing us upon the fire and burning us. Although we felt no pain, you now shall try it. We shall burn you,” said all of their pots. Thus their faces were all crushed. (76-77, trans. Christenson)
The mannequins were eventually drowned, and those few who survived became the monkeys.
The third try was the charm: humans were successfully amassed out of different colors of corn dough. In general terms, Mesoamerican belief systems hold that people are made of corn, and corn is kin. Even today there are those who believe that to sell corn is to sell one’s cousin, sibling, or parent–the same failure to recognize kindness and respect that doomed the wooden people.

El diluvio y la destrucción de los hombres de palo. Diego Rivera
Caribbean and Amazonian cosmologies tend to feature gourds as womb-like containers of treasured abundance. In Taino myth, for example, the ocean and all its fish are born from a dropped calabash when Deminán and his brothers try to return the gourd to its safe perch in the clouds. Cuban writer Antonio José Ponte, in his essay collection Las comidas profundas, writes of a tradition in eastern Cuba in which a gourd or a jug is kept in a secure spot out of the sun and away from animals, to be gradually filled with fruits as they come into season over the nine months of a mother’s pregnancy:
Poco a poco, entre el espíritu de la botella, figuración de Las Mil y Una Noches, y el espíritu del niño esperado, empieza a establecerse una relación muy estrecha. Todo lo dulce a la redonda, toda carne de fruta entra a la matriz de vidrio para componer un doble, un niño de tierra. La barriga de la madre y la del botellón se vuelven fermentaciones gemelas (48).
[Little by little, between the spirit of the bottle, allegory of A Thousand and One Nights, and the spirit of the expected child, a very close relationship begins to be established. All that is sweet from the surrounding area, all flesh of fruit enters into the womb of glass to create a double, a child of the earth. The belly of the mother and the belly of the jug become twin fermentations.] (my trans.)
The resulting mixture, a sangría-like drink called aliñado, is imbibed to celebrate the baby’s birth, or even stored much longer and fermented further as the child grows.
These mythological and ritual examples from the Americas blur the lines among humans, food, and food preparation utensils, as co-actors in one environment, to demonstrate an ancient truth: we are not only what we eat or drink, but also the embodied practice of how we prepare and consume it.

Wednesday, February 1, 2012

María Lionza

Monumento María Lionza, Caracas


Cabalga, de ancas anchas, en la danta.
Caza el chigüire y rastrea el jaguar.
Danza, ágil, ataviada con cocar,
y así al amante lo atrapa, y lo encanta.

Madre será, de una abundancia tanta
que esparce hijas por la selva a poblar,
las cascadas y plantas a animar.
De mama amplia, a la Amazonia amamanta.

Sus aguas inundan como su pelo.
Nadan en ellas las yaras hermanas,
más la anaconda, rayo, falo de aros.

María de la Onza no ostenta velo:
la milagrosa labra, sin sotanas
y en pieles planetarias, votos raros.

Monday, October 31, 2011

Abóboras das Américas

Verdes, amarelas, brancas, ou cor-de-laranja; enormes ou pequeninas; lisas ou ásperas, as abóboras americanas têm um papel fundamental não só nas tradições alimentícias mas também no folclore do hemisfério. Sabemos por evidências arqueológicas que foram cultivados diversos tipos de abóboras há dezenas de séculos nos Andes e em Meso-américa, e que através do tempo as abóboras têm complementado o regime básico de feijão, milho, batatas e pimentas. Nos principais idiomas americanos de hoje, os nomes das variedades são múltiplos: pumpkin, zapallo, abobra, squash, porongo, gourd, sem esquecer os primos calabaza, cabaça, e calabash, mesmo que estes últimos não aludem ao mesmo fruto.

No folclore americano a família das abóboras é associada à origem do mundo e também ao ciclo da vida. Por exemplo, segundo a mitologia taína, Deminán era o filho de Yaya, espíritu divino. Deminán fez cair, do teto da barraca de Yaya, uma abóbora que continha os ossos do irmão mais velho dele. Quando a abóbora rompeu no chão, nasceram dela os rios, os lagos, os mares, e dos ossos do irmão nasceram todos os peixes. Com certeza as sementes da abóbora parecem peixes!

Também na cosmologia maia do povo quiché, na estória dos gêmeos heróis do Popol Vuh, a abóbora tem um papel importante como metáfora plurivalente. Um dos gêmeos utiliza uma abóbora para substituir a cabeça do irmão, morto por um morcego que lhe tirou a cabeça. (O pai deles tivera perdido a cabeça, que foi pendurada numa árvore e de onde produziu saliva-sêmen que engravidou a mãe dos gêmeos.) Com a cabeça-abóbora, os gêmeos enganaram os Senhores de Xibalbá, o Lugar dos Mortos, no jogo parecido com o futebol que era típico dos povos meso-americanos. Depois os gêmeos converteram-se na Estrela da Manhã e na Estrela da Tarde (Venus). Quer dizer que a abóbora forma um elo unindo uma série de imagens relacionadas cosmologicamente: cabeça, balão, estrela, e as épocas cíclicas do universo.

Aquilo de subsituir a cabeça por uma cabaça é um motivo repetido na célebre lenda norte-americana, escrita por Washington Irving, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." O fantasma do cavalheiro degolado leva uma abóbora como se fosse cabeça, a que atira e atinge no amedrentado Ichabod Crane no caminho desolado de uma noite de outono. Fica claramente implicada aqui a tradição do jack-o'-lantern, costume que praticava-se na Irlanda entalhando o nabo para fazer uma lanterna vegetal mas que, uma vez transplantada aos Estados Unidos, assumiu o rosto da abóbora.

No Brasil também abundam abóboras, e outros frutos da mesma família genérica (como o melão e a melancia), nas lendas que implicam o ciclo da vida de várias fontes indígenas (como o nascimento, de um melão, da serpente-via láctea). Segundo Câmara Cascudo, a origem da personagem da "cuca" pode ser no fato de essa palavra significar, em algumas regiões do país, a abóbora quando perfurada para desenhar olhos, nariz e boca. Neste dia de Halloween e temporada mexicana do Dia dos Mortos, fica cristalizado--naquele sorriso de caveira que tem o jack-o'-lantern--o melancólico perceber, no contexto americano, do ciclo da semeada e da colheita, da vida e da morte.

Thursday, June 16, 2011

Breath, Not Blood

Sacrificed Sun slides across the sky.
Slowly a steep arc he circumscribes.
Breathe, don't bleed; breath, not blood; live, don't die.


Blood he demands for this trail to lead?
No. It was wind blew him forcefully.
Breath, not blood; live, don't die; breathe, don't bleed.


Wind creates movement; it makes and does.
Motion and change come from mouth and tongue.
Live, don't die; breathe, don't bleed; breath, not blood.

(Based on an alternate Nahua version of the birth-of-the-sun myth, in which the newly created sun's refusal to move is remedied by the wind--Quetzalcóatl as Ehécatl--rather than by the sun's demand for the other gods to sacrifice themselves as he had done.)

Monday, May 23, 2011

O Banho de Nezahualcóyotl

"Vá tomar banho!"

A voz divina, sinuosa-e-empenada de Quetzalcóatl pareceu emanar do ar para se anidar no ouvido de Nezahualcóyotl, ajoelhado em meditação no templo.

"Vá tomar banho!"

Então: a fazer, porque quando fala a Serpente Emplumada, a gente obedece, e mais o tlatoani dos texcocanos. Imediatamente começou a desenhar um parque, para lá no morro de Tezcotzinco, porque não poderia ser qualquer banho. O tlatoani teria que emular o banho purificativo e meditativo que tomou Quetzalcóatl na sua existência humana, na época em que foi tlatoani dos toltecas. Banho como rito, cerimônia, nascimento, comunhão, até mesmo apoteose.

Durante uns mêses os lavradores transformaram a face do morro. Tomou forma uma série de trilhas, nichos, aquedutos, jardins, todo se abrindo no panorama espetacular que teria Nezahualcóyotl ao se sentar no banho redondo, sítio do rito. O banho tinha saida de água, reta, que fazia nascer uma pequena cachoeira; desse jeito jamais seria banho de água totalmente estancada.

O tlatoani esperou a primeira noite na que apareceu a estrela da tarde no seu ciclo. Quando caiu o sol, Nezahualcóyotl deixou cair sua manta no chão. Começaram nascendo as estrelas como da nudez dele, sagrada nudez que é a forma de qualquer recem nascido. Ele se sentou na tigela do banho, e a água quentinha, preparada ao fogo de lenha de carvalho, começou a cair, vertida pelos ajudantes.

Outros ajudantes colocaram tochas acesas ao lado do banho, mas ficavam perto demais, e o tlatoani mandou que se afastassem tochas, ajudantes, tudo. Só então, com a tranqüilidade aquática, veio uma inundação de inspirações: idéias, imagens, pensamentos e emoções expressadas como flor e canto. O rei enfim descansou, deixando voar a mente pelos detalhes de alguns projetos de lei, outros jardins e aquedutos a desenhar, um hino a Tloque Nahuaque...

E nisso, subitamente desceu, silenciosa, uma garça, se pousando majestuosamente sobre a água do banho. Nezahualcóyotl, admirado, a viu como símbolo de uma epifania...de que o fundamental artístico é a imersão no processo criador contínuo: se fluirem as águas, a garça virá.

Senhor e ave dividiram o banho uns momentos. Quando a garça  se foi embora, as longas asas brancas batendo poderosamente no ar, Nezahualcóyotl saiu do banho. Rejeitou as roupas que lhe ofereciam os ajudantes e subiu despido ao cima do morro, seguindo com a vista o vôo da garça pelo Lago Texcoco.

Assim voa o pensamento do sábio, o sentimento do artista verdadeiro, pensou Nezahulacóyotl. Com raiz na terra assim como eu, desnudo e limpo assim como eu, mas voando pelos céus divinos com o poder da expressão bem feita. Assim é que nós, coitados filhos dos deuses, podemos deixar mais alguma coisa que sobrevive sobre a face da terra, antes de chegar o momento da morte.


Não por muito tempo aqui na terra. Só um momento estamos aqui na terra.

Rei severo porém democrático, mandou que os ajudantes fizessem como ele: que tomassem banho e que subissem o morro nus. Os cinco homens ficaram no cume ate o amanhecer, na vigília dos sonhos mortais.

Thursday, March 24, 2011

Celestial Excavations

It's only a slight exaggeration to say that you can't trip over a stone in Mexico City without uncovering an Aztec artifact. The 2006 discovery of the Tlaltecuhtli is only the latest monolithic find, at a site that may yet reveal the tomb of Ahuizotl (8th Tlatoani of Mexico-Tenochtitlan 1486-1502).

Here is a list of just a few of the most recognized monoliths from the Valle de Anahuac (Mexico City and surrounding areas), with certain data as I could find them (location and year unearthed, dimensions, material, and Wikipedia or Flickr image links):

(sun) Tonatiuh / Sun Stone ("Aztec Calendar"): Mexico City Zócalo, 1790
24 tons, 11.7 ft. diameter, black basalt

(earth) Coatlicue: Mexico City Zócalo, 1790
[weight], 8.5 ft tall, [material]

(plants) Xochipilli: side of the volcano Popocatéptl near Tlalmanalco, Estado de México, mid-1800s
[weight], approx. 4 ft. x 2 ft., volcanic rock

(rain) Tlaloc: Coatlinchan, Estado de México, 1964 or earlier
125 tons, [height], [material]

(moon) Coyolxauhqui: Mexico City Zócalo, at the foot of what was then discovered to be the Templo Mayor, 1978
8 tons, 10.6 x 10.1 ft, volcanic rock

(earth) Tlaltecutli: Mexico City Zócalo, to one side of the Templo Mayor, 2006
12 tons, 13.7 x 11.9 ft, pink andesite

When the Sun Stone was unearthed in 1790, it was something of a second discovery; a Spanish priest had ordered it buried sometime in the mid-16th century. For many years into the 19th century, the Sun Stone was displayed on an outside wall of the Mexico City Cathedral! Scholars don't always agree on the Sun Stone's iconography - some think the central image is the face of Tlaltecutli, not Tonatiuh. Some believe the twin fire serpents (xiuhcoatl, a kind of divine weapon) forming the outermost circle are the gods Quetzalcóatl and Ehécatl, others believe they are Xiuhtecutli and Tonatiuh.

In any case what strikes me is the inversion implied by excavations into the earth to find representations of the moon, the sun, and other phemonena of the sky: it's all cosmic dust in the wind.

Thursday, March 17, 2011

Meditação sobre o Tesão

Aquele estado de tesão
é uma deliciosa tensão,
uma enorme provocação!
Paquero e desejo são
a adiação
a prolongação -
é uma perpetuação,
um momento que não é não:
é uma monumentação
da possibilitação.

De Exu vem a inspiração
para meditar nas chamas do tesão.
É ele que paira no portão –
vai entrar sim ou vai sair não?
De uma mão ou outra mão,
seja gato ou seja cão,
seja inverno ou seja verão -
os contrários em união
quando todas as opções dão!

A dúvida que dura um tempão
torna-se uma forte afirmação.

Monday, January 10, 2011

Olmecs Invade Los Angeles

On Saturday, 8 January 2011, a colleague and I had the good fortune to visit the exhibit Olmec: Colossal Masterworks of Ancient Mexico at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) one day before the exhibit closed. The very well-attended exposition culled pieces from the major anthropology museums in Mexico City and Xalapa as well as the Smithsonian and other collections.
The to-scale drawing below, of the extant examples of the famous colossal heads, was a well-conceived way to contextualize the two heads on display at the exhibit.
The following photos show details from an augmented mural. I had not previously seen any example of two-dimensional Olmec art. The accompanying text explained that the mural depicts, as on the shell of a (cosmic) turtle, the life and death of the maize god.
Another exhibit wall displayed a further example of Olmec graphic design, reproduced from a cave in an area--Guerrero state--that I believe is not usually associated with the Olmec. My colleague and I agreed that the image (below), whose composition is assigned to the 1st or 2nd century AD, looks strikingly modern.
In my non-specialist view, the exhibit was a commendable effort, with plenty of examples of three-dimensional art both large-scale and small. I wished, though, for a bit more contextualization: it's fine to let the works speak for themselves, but more visual information could have been provided for the visitor, such as, perhaps, photos or a diorama of the tropical Gulf lowlands of present-day Veracruz and Tabasco; an artist's rendering of how the Olmecs would have moved the massive heads into place; and flat reproductions, in color, to accompany the bas-reliefs, since the imagistic detail, because monochromatic as well as unfamiliar, is often difficult to discern.

Wednesday, December 1, 2010

Angeles de nieve

¿Angeles de nieve? ¡Angeles de nieve!
Dios mío, ¿qué diablos son
los ángeles de nieve?
¿Son como aquellos hombres de nieve,
hechos bolas, que vi en pantalla?

No, hijo mío. El angel de nieve
lo haces bien acostadito en la nieve,
viendo hacia el cielo,
y moviéndote las extremidades
como el vitruviano desvestido de Da Vinci,
como el náufrago enamorado de Neruda.
Esos artistas entendieron que el angel
es la impresión que dejas
sobre la faz de la tierra.
Mide el tamaño de tu alcance
y el tiempo de tu aguante.
Cuando sale el sol, se derrite la imagen
pero no el recuerdo de tu impresión,
de tus capacidades y de tus anhelos alados.

¡El frío que haría, Dios mío!
¡Angeles de arena, ángeles de arena!
Aquí en los trópicos: ¿se puede?

Sí, hijo, también. Sí se puede.

(Este poema, encomendado por Luis Moreno, aparece también en su blog de poesía de ángeles.)

Monday, October 25, 2010

Vampiros vocálicos

Aquellos murciélagos de escalofrío,
paradigma de todos los quirópteros,
los que tachan injustamente
con su sangrienta reputación
a la mayoría de murciélagos del mundo,
insectívoros y frugívoros
--porque no poesívoros y prosívoros,
viven solamente en las Américas,
prole maya que son de Camazotz,
jeroglíficos herméticos echados a volar.
Perforan la piel, chupan la sangre, minan las fuerzas
alfabésticas.
Lastiman la persona, y también el tiempo,
de las conjugaciones.
Socavan la comprensión de ideas e imágenes.
La víctima queda demasiado extenuada
como para querer decir algo.

Esos vampiros
vocálicos y voladores,
en el pior de los casos,
infecton.
Chpan la sngre y dejan el sstma semóntic-circlatrio
campromutide.
De hacha, la rumontizacn do lus vmporas
doju micho, pura machi,
a la emagenoceán.
Despós d an atiqui vecúloca
una qiad cumi disuroantude.

Pur isi hey tint artuste
vonguordaste
fonáticu
di las vimperes.

Monday, September 13, 2010

El oratáculo

Anduvo por el desierto
los cuarenta y tres días
con su unánime noche.
Supo lo que es la intimidad con los escarabajos,
el convivio con las lagartijas,
el comerse las agrias ansias
y volver bien redondas las dudas
de tanto reciclarlas.
Deambuló por ambos lados de la frontera
de la lucidez.

Y ahora, en extremos de fertilidad desatada,
chorrea disparates que envuelven--
de manera ya cotidiana--
alguna que otra profecía.
Está como nublado, obnubilado,
emitiendo un perpetuo chipichipi
de nostalgias hipotéticas
y fantasías cimentadas
cuando rederrepente se despeja,
se escucha el acorde sostenido y triunfante
de un coro angelical,
y estalla de su rostro iluminado la expresión
inconfundible pero instantánea
de la Verdad,
para luego seguir ensartando
otras sandeces insospechadas.
Entre azul y buenas noches,
cuando no es orate, es oráculo.

Acaso viene siendo lo mismo.

Friday, June 25, 2010

Flush


Slick
                                    Slick   
                                                                        Slick
Dispersants.
The Gulf is so big.
Slick
                                    Slick   
                                                                        Slick
Crustaceans.
The shrimp are so small.
The encabpsulated drobps of bpetroleum add ubp
bpeyond where anybpody can count.
Blackened fish? Fish oil?
This is not what the health guides mean.
Pelicans gulping
for air / not fish.
Dolphins diving
for clear water / not fish.
This mess is so huge and so smelly and so dirty
that the only plumber who can
flush this bowl
is the ancient one-legged storm-bringer,
pan-Caribbean creator / destructor
Hurakán.
Natural solution / divine intervention
to a manmade problem.
What will happen then?
Slick
                                    Slick   
                                                                        Slick
Dispersal:
Drobplets encabpsulating Houston.
Drobplets encabpsulating Atlanta.
Drobplets encabpsulating Washington.
And at least a few little drobplets sent
along the Gulf Stream
to London.
Hurakán can see to that.

Monday, May 17, 2010

Medidas del Sol Azteca

Diecisiete de diciembre,
mil setecientos noventa:
bajo el Zócalo de México,
mientras cavaban la tierra,
unos obreros hallaron
un disco enorme de piedra
que pronto quedó apodado
como el Calendario Azteca.
Así renació Tonatiuh,
surgido de esa manera
sorpresiva, polvoriento,
con mueca de boca abierta
y con sed de sangre nueva.

Cerca de doscientos veinte
fueron los años so terra.
Siglos enteros de olvido
como los de las cuatro eras
anteriores: unos mundos
apagados como estrellas.
Un poco más de dos siglos
para serpientes gemelas
que, viéndose cara a cara,
circundan la periferia
de cola a cola encendidas:
Queztalcóatl y su cuate Ehécatl
sacan chispas de las lenguas.

Tres metros y medio mide
el diámetro de la rueda.
Los íconos de los días
forman, en aro, veintena:
lagarto, viento, más casa
e iguana el ciclo comienzan;
serpiente, muerte, venado,
conejo; luego agua, perra,
mono, hierba y caña; siguen
jaguar y águila, de guerra;
buitre, temblor, pedernal,
lluvia y flor el aro cierran
para contar las trecenas.

Veinticuatro toneladas
de basalto el astro pesa,
pero su imagen pesada
luce leve en la moneda.
¿Aguila o sol? preguntamos
cuando un buen volado se echa:
tan sólo por un instante
Tonatiuh a girar regresa,
colgado en el aire breve,
garras crispadas, hambrientas.
¿Sacrificio? ¿Destino? No:
opciones que se revelan,
caras y artes descubiertas.

Wednesday, April 21, 2010

Texcoco

Texcoco, second city of the Aztec Triple Alliance, was a fabled center of learning and law. The city where renowned tlatoanis Nezahualcoyotl and his son Nezahualpilli reigned still exists in modern Mexico state, but it was pre-conquest and colonial Texcoco that formed the focus at the symposium last weekend at the University of North Texas, which convened international scholars of several disciplines (history, art history, literature, anthropology).

I had the good fortune to attend and serve as a session moderator. Scholarly interpretations did not always agree, but a climate of mutual respect prevailed. Among many interesting facts and interpretations that I learned, I summarize a few here, without giving the names of the presenters who illuminated me (to protect the innocent, although I am willing to provide them to a courteous inquirer):

The highest hill in Texcoco was dedicated to Tlaloc, a water and earth god and one of the oldest deities in Mesoamerica.

Although commonly thought to be a Mesoamerican Athens (to Tenochtitlan's Sparta), Texcoco may have been thoroughly dominated by Tenochtitlan through Nezahualcoyotl and his descendants. The city may have held a position as weak as that of Tlacopan, third member of the Triple Alliance, with this latter concept introduced post-conquest in an attempt to portray Texcoco as a tribute center.

Nezahualcoyotl's environmental and public works projects can allow him to be considered an enlightened precursor of today's "sustainability."

The spatial layout of "ministries" (or their equivalent) in Nezahualcoyotl's palace conforms to that of the buildings in Teotihuacan. A generalized scheme based on this matching overlay and pertaining to the cardinal directions posits the following associations:
east - red - spring - earth - Tlaloc - government
south - yellow - winter - fire - Tezcatlipoca - armed forces
west - sky blue - autumn - air - Quetzalcoatl - commerce
north - dark blue - summer - water - Chalchiutlicue - religion

Nezahualcoyotl's park at Tezcotzinco probably included a life-size relief sculpture of him in the hillside, similar to the one of Moctezuma in Chapultepec.

Discussion related to Texcocan geneaology centered on interpreting Fernando de Alva Ixtilxochitl's accounts of his ancestors. As early as the seventeenth century, Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora had alerted his readers to Alva Ixtilxochitl's tendency to exaggerate. In his writings, Alva Ixtilxochitl portrayed both his ancestors Nezahualcoyotl and Nezahualpilli as "nigrománticos" or man-gods with supernatural powers. His younger brother Bartolomé was also a writer, who produced a Confesionario and three Nahuatl translations of Spanish Golden Age plays. Another descendant of the Texcocan tlatoanis, don Antonio Pimentel Tlahuitoltzin, was active in reasserting Texcocan royal authority. His position became one of dropping pre-conquest religion while maintaining pre-conquest politics. An elaborate family tree illustration of Nezahualcoyotl's descendants, c. 1750 in a Berlin museum, was used in at least one litigation regarding the recovery of land.

The Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas hosts a summer Nahuatl-language program in conjunction with Yale University. The intensive program includes six weeks of two-hour-a-day instruction in classical Nahuatl, two hours in modern Nahuatl, and a one-hour tutorial session. The optional seventh week includes a trip to the Huasteca region of northern Veracruz.

The symposium's interdisciplinary composition tied to its specific focus proved to be very successful, and plans for an edited volume and follow-up symposium are in the works.

Wednesday, March 31, 2010

Quetzalcoatl on Balance

The name of the cultural hero Quetzalcoatl refers to a pan-Mesoamerican god as well as to one or several like-named Toltec priests. The Nahuatl word itself means, usually, "plumed serpent," although quetzal can also mean precious (the cherished iridescent green feathers of the tropical bird) and coatl can also mean twin. In fact, on the round Sunstone or Aztec Calendar, Quetzalcoatl is depicted encircling half of the periphery in serpent form, with the other half encircled by his serpent twin god/avatar, Ehecatl, the wind. Their faces emerge from the snakes' jaws and meet with out-thrust tongues as obsidian blades: the power of speech, or thirst for blood?

Hernán Cortés learned about the alleged coincidence of the year of his arrival from the east to Mesoamerica (1519) with the year of Quetzalcoatl's foretold return from the east (One Reed), and used the information to his advantage in the campaign to conquer Moctezuma's empire. Within a decade or two, the Spanish clergy and crown wondered if the stories about the seemingly enlightened and benevolent Quetzalcoatl (perhaps the priest), could have been narrating the life of the apostle Thomas, also a twin and supposed to have spread the gospel as far as "India." The Maya called him Kukulkán, and the deity has come to be associated with many identities and avatars including Mesoamerican leaders in general, but as well-known Mexican cartoon artist Rius specified in the title of his 1987 black-and-white graphic contextualization of the legend, "Quetzalcoatl no era del PRI."

What entices about Quetzalcoatl is the union of opposites that he embodies, in name and in image: terrestrial and ethereal, reptilian and avian. It even seems that this union--reconciliation or equilibrium--is that which is necessary for creation: he is the deity of the arts, handicrafts, writing, and creative endeavors in general, even the creation of mankind, for which he is given credit at the beginning of the fifth sun. To create humans he had to mix corporeal opposites: bones (the remains of the dead in Mictlan) and semen (or the euphemistic "penis blood"), death and life. If Quetzalcoatl encompasses opposites in reconciliation, then his opposite, the deity Tezcatlipoca (Smoking Mirror), denotes opposites in conflict. Together, they themselves form a sort of meta-opposition opposition, like yin and yang.

Quetzalcoatl receives a new identity in D. H. Lawrence's 1926 novel The Plumed Serpent: Ramón Carrasco. Lawrence's vision, in which Ramón revives a Quetzalcoatl cult, is so bold as to depict the toppling and burning of the Catholic saints, the historical reversal of the Spaniards' treatment of the Mesoamerican idols. Ramón, a wizened and stately intellectual, writes hymns to Quetzalcoatl that are dispersed and sung in clandestine congregations throughout the Mexican countryside. Ramón eventually accepts the popular idea that he has become Quetzalcoatl. His associate Cipriano becomes Huitzilopochtli and the Irish protagonist, Kate Leslie, halfheartedly becomes a new in-between goddess with the historically resonant name of Malintzi.

That Lawrence mixes elements from the South American El Dorado legend into the tale can be forgiven, since he does it so compellingly, converting a lake in Jalisco into the glittering tribute of time before time whence arises anew Quetzalcoatl. The rituals and vestments that Lawrence conceives to flesh out the logistics of the cult surpass even what is perhaps the only comparable scenario from 20th-century Mexican letters: the resurgence of a Maya cult in Rosario Castellanos' 1962 Oficio de tinieblas. Ramón's followers hold one hand to the earth and the other to the sky in their worship, and they are encouraged to emulate the Morning Star, meeting their fellow humans and especially their spouses "between day and night, between the dark of woman and the dawn of man, between man's night and woman's morning." Ramón's corporeal quest for balance, through his worshippers' gestures and dances, is meant to correct the "realization that Christianity had reached a dead end of disembodied spirituality," according to L. D. Clark' excellent 1964 analysis Dark Night of the Body.

Lawrence's editors wouldn't let him keep his original title Quetzalcoatl. No matter: the writer's Jungian insights into creation as propelled by the nature of conflict and harmony, played out in the novel on so many levels (female and male, America and Europe, body and mind, peace and war), elucidate in astounding detail the mystical essence of the precious plumed serpent twin. Those interested in reading English-language interpretations of the 2012 Maya calendar end-time would be wise to choose The Plumed Serpent, as allegory of enlightened change, over most of the titles on the bestseller racks.

Wednesday, January 6, 2010

Magos, Reyes, Santos

Siempre me asignaban, en las Christmas pageants de antaño, el papel de rey mago. Recuerdo haber llevado una vez una bata elaborada que hizo ad hoc mi mamá, de colores llamativos y diseños esotéricos. Me gustan los reyes magos. Caen bien, aunque un poco pesados también, no tan livianos como los pastores. ¿Santos reyes? ¿Reyes magos? Pero casi nunca "santos reyes magos." ¿Un mago, un rey, y un santo?

Tanto en EUA ("We Three Kings of Orient Are") como en el mundo hispanohablante existe la tradición de sus nombres: Melchor, Baltasar (apodados en México "Malhechor" y "Va a asaltar"), y Gaspar. Pero también existe, en el mundo hispanohablante, la tradición de que Baltasar es africano y monta un elefante (los elefantes africanos, a diferencia de los asiáticos, nunca han sido domados), y los otros dos, vagamente del Medio Oriente, montan un camello y un caballo. Bueno, conste que ni sus nombres ni sus animales aparecen en los evangelios.

En el D.F. sigue la tradición de las fotos con los reyes en La Alameda, claro. Y para los niños de buena fe los reyes traen regalos durante la noche del 5 para el 6 de enero - en vez de las botitas o stockings, es la costumbre en muchos hogares el colocar los zapatos en la puerta, ventana, o chiminea como recipientes de los regalitos - ya no incienso y oro sino juguetes y dulces. Los niños (y papás) más atentos llenan los zapatos de heno para los animales, y dejan también rosca o alguna merienda para los reyes.

La rosca es mi tradición favorita del también llamado Día de Epifanía, fin del maratón festivo "Guadalupe-Reyes." La rosca se parece al kings' cake de Mardi Gras en la costa estadounidense del Golfo de México. Pero hay de roscas a roscas. Muchas, las comunes, están secas y decoradas con frutitas cristalizadas. Otras tienen relleno: crema, mermelada de frambuesa (!!)... Y su consumo se acompaña con chocolate caliente o café. Muy sabido es que todos parten su propia rebanada de la rosca, porque el que encuentre el muñequito (el niño Jesús - a veces se ponen dos o más muñequitos para mayor diversión) se ve obligado a invitar a los demás a comer tamales con atole el día dos de febrero, el Día de la Candelaria, en el que se supone que María y José llevaron a Jesús a presentarlo en el templo.

Minidiálogo de los reyes (continuación de la minipastorela):

Baltasar: ¡Chin! ¡Este elefante se me encabritó!
Melchor: ¿Ya llegamos? Me muero de impaciencia.
Gaspar: El regalo superior es el amor.

Una Rosca de Reyes ejemplar que hizo mi esposa. Tiene nueces y moras.

Monday, December 21, 2009

quiabo

f
ib
roso
hexá
gono
cápsula
cavernosa
cacete do caruru
quiabo é quiasmo
transatlântico
transplantado
pau-brasil
quiabo do quilombo
sementes viscosas
da Africa potente
esparramadas
pelo gumbo
pelo callaloo
diáspora de esporos
substância de Xangó
setas sextavadas e sexuadas
 fertilidade dos talos e falos
presente às Américas
presente nas Américas
nutrição sã
deglutição
fruição


Monday, December 14, 2009

Minipastorela

Traditional in the Spanish-speaking world, especially Mexico, a pastorela is a Christmas pageant that focuses on the obstacles the shepherds must overcome on their journey to Bethlehem. Mexico City hosts an annual festival of pastorelas, the FESTHIP. This miniature (twitter?) script is inspired by the current craze for six-word summaries. 

Pastor 1 (Bartolo): Resisto reconocer la festejada inevitabilidad religiosa.
Pastora 1 (Gila): ¿Quién te crees? Todos somos relativistas.
Angel 1 (Gabriel) (cantando): Adeste, fideles. ¡Gloria in excelsis deo!
Angel 2 (Miguel): ¡Acudid a Belén! Veréis a Dios.
Demonio 1 (Lúcifer): ¡No acudan! La distancia da hueva.
Demonio 2 (Asmodeo) (bailando lascivamente): ¡Gula! ¡Lujuria! ¡Envidia! ¡Soberbia! ¡Ira! ¡Avaricia!
Ermitaño: ¡Rechacemos Satanás! Sigamos el sagrado camino. 
Pastora 2 (Gilberta): ¡Andando! Hoy no circula mi bocho.
José: Bienvenidos. ¿No traen tacos al pastor?
Pastor 2 (Bato): Cómo, si ¡somos los meros romeritos!
María (cantando): ¡Reciban la gracia del divino verbo!

Telón. 
Digo: Telita


Monday, November 30, 2009

Oxum Pinta a Arara

My version of an etiological legend about Oxum, Afro-Brazilian goddess of beauty and of rivers, lakes, and cascades, and the origin of the scarlet macaw. 

Com as penas douradas e azuis, a arara ostentava as cores prediletas de Oxum, a orixá da beleza e das águas doces. Por isso era o pássaro preferido dela. Além disso, aquele primo dos papagaios adorava construir ninhos em buracos seguros perto das cachoeiras, fenômenos naturais sagrados da orixá. Muitas eram as tardes nas que a deusa tomava banho na espuma de algum salto d'água enquanto observava o ir e vir das coloridas e barulhentas araras. Oxum as saudava com risos de alegria. Voavam ao redor das redondezas fluidas dela, suas curvas corporais parecidas às correntes dos rios, e ela brincava com o espelho, fazendo jogos de luz com os raios do sol refletidos entre as folhas das árvores. As vezes ela mergulhava para escolher alguns seixos, objetos também sagrados dela, e os jogava no ar para as araras os pegarem no bico, em pleno vôo. Depois Oxum convertia os seixos apanhados em colares e cintas para se enfeitar o colo e os quadris.

Certa filha de Oxum tinha se casado com Oxalá, o orixá principal. Era uma de três esposas dele, e as outras duas sentiam inveja dela. Prepararam um ungüento vermelho que colocaram na cadeira dela, fazendo que ela quebrasse dessa maneira um tabu de Oxalá, aparecendo diante dele ensangüentada.

Envergonhada, ela procurou a mãe, Oxum. Então Oxum despiu-se e despiu a filha. Entraram em um lago, deixando fluir o sangue menstrual da filha, que fazia uma mancha vermelha sobre a face da água. Oxum chamou as araras. Elas vieram e voavam perto dela enquanto a orixá disse, "Vou pintar vocês com este o sangue da minha filha, o sangue que significa a fertilidade feminina, o sangue que obedece a regra da lua grávida e da maré cheia. Eis o sangue que pinta o ciclo do tempo e d'água, o ciclo reprodutivo traçado no círculo eterno do seixo, na meiga redondez do seio materno. Vocês ficarão vermelhas, com traços do dourado e azul originais, para dar asas à fecunda criatividade em todas as formas."

Assim dizendo salpicou as caudas e as cabeças dos pássaros preferidos, que extendiam suas penas para maximizar a absorção da cor, dando grasnidos de gozo. Ficaram todos de um vermelho intenso que realçava o azul e o dourado reservados às asas. Em celebração, as araras voaram em formação sobre os verdes das copas das árvores, sobre o branco das nuvens e o azul-celeste do céu, marcando tudo com faixas de fogo ensangüentado. Oxum viu com satisfação o espetáculo, tanto no ar quanto refletido na água.

Depois Oxalá soube do engano das duas esposas, e da transformação do sangue que fizera Oxum. Proclamou então que as penas vermelhas da arara seriam objetos e enfeites sagrados dele, e recebeu novamente a filha de Oxum como esposa.

Até o dia de hoje, algumas pessoas, às vezes, profirem a tolice de que as mulheres devem sentir vergonha do período mensal. Porém as mulheres sábias, e os homens sábios também, se lembram da origem das penas vermelhas da arara, e sentem, com Oxum, o orgulho da capacidade procriadora das mulheres e da criatividade geral.

Tuesday, September 29, 2009

os búzios

catados         jogados        abertos        fechados

os olhos dos búzios verão o futuro

abertos         fechados      catados       jogados

os búzios dirão o caminho a seguir

jogados        catados       fechados      abertos

repare os olhos no mapa dos búzios

fechados      abertos        jogados        catados

conselhos dos búzios pra quem quer ouvir

Ifá               Ifá                Ifá   e           Exu

sem eles não vai ter conselho nenhum

Ifá               Ifá               Exu   e          Ifá

quem escute o conselho o futuro verá

verá            verá            ver há de ver

mensagens dos búzios verá quem puder

verá

verá